Constraint

In the civil and
Scottish law, by this term is understood
what, in the common, is known by the
name of duress.

2. — It is a general ride that when
one is compiled into a contract, there
is no effectual consent, though, ostensi-
bly, there is the form of it. In such
case the contract will be declared void.

3. — The constraint requisite thus to
annul a contract, must be a vis aid
metus qui cadet in const ant an virum ,
such as would shake a man of firm-
ness and resolution. 3 Ersk. 1,§ 16;
and 4, 1, § 20; 1 Hell’s Com. B. 3,
part 1, c. l,s. 1, art. 1, page 295.

CONSTRUCTION, •practice , is de-
fined by Mr. Powell to lie “the draw-
ing an inference by the act of reason,
as to the intent of an instrument, from
given circumstances, upon principles
deduced from men’s general motives,
conduct and action.” This definition
may, perhaps, not be sufficiently com-
plete, inasmuch as the term instru-
ment generally implies something re-
duced into writing, whereas construe-
tion is equally necessary to ascertain
the meaning of engagements merely
verbal. In other respects it up pears
to be perfectly accurate. The Treatise
of Equity, defines interpretation to be
the collection of the meaning out of
signs the most probable. 1 Powell on
Con. 370.

2. — There are two kinds of con-
structions; the 1st, is literal or strict;
this is uniformly the construction
given to penal statutes. 1 HI. Com.
88; 6 Watts & Sorg. 276; 3 Taunt.
377. 2dly. The other is liberal, and
applied, usually, to remedial laws, in
order to enforce them according to
their spirit.

3. — In the supreme court of the
United States, the rule which has been
uniformly observed “ in construing
statutes is to adopt the construction
made by the courts of the country by
whose legislature the statute was en-
acted. This rul<? may lie susceptible
of some modification when applied to
British statutes which are adopted in
any of these states. By adopting them,
they become our own, as entirely as if
they had been enacted by the legisla-
ture of the state.

4. — The received construction, in
England, at the time they are admitted
to operate in this country, — indeed, to
the time of our separation from the
British empire, — may very properly be
considered ns accompanying the sta-
tutes themselves, and forming an inte-
gral part of them. But, however wo
may respect the subsequent decisions,
(and certainly they are entitled to great
respect,) we do not admit their abso-
lute authority. If the English courts
vary their construction of a statute,
which is common to the two countries,
we do not hold ourselves bound to
fluctuate with them.” 5 Pet. R. 280.

5. — The great object which the law
has, in all cases, in contemplation, as
furnishing the leading principle of the
rules to be observed in the construction
of contracts, is, that justice is to be
done between the parties, by enforcing
the performance of their agreement,
according to the sense in which it >vas
mutually understood and relied upon at
the time of mnking it.

6. — When the contract is in writing,
the difficulty lies only in the construc-
tion of the words; when it is to bo
made out by parol testimony, that dif-
ficulty is augmented by the possible
mistakes of the witnesses as to the

CON

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311

words used by the parties ; but still,
when the evidence is received, it must
be admitted to l>c perfectly correct,
when a construction is to be put upon
it. The following are the principal
rules to be observed in the construction
of contracts.

7. — 1. When the words used arc
of precise and unambiguous meaning,
leading to no absurdity, that meaning
is to be taken as conveying the inten-
tion of the parties. "But should there
be manifest absurdity in the application
of such meaning, to the particular oc-
casion, this will let in construction to
discover the true intention of the
parties: for example; 1st, when words
are manifestly inconsistent with the
declared purpose and object of the con-
tract they will be rejected; as if, in a
contract for sales, the price of the thing
sold should be acknowledged as re-
ceived, while the obligation of the
seller was not to deliver the commodity.
2 Atk. R. 32. 2diy, when words are
omitted so as to defeat the effect of the
contract, they will lx? supplied by the
obvious sense and inference from the
context ; us if the contract stated that
the seller for the consideration of one
hundred dollars sold a horse, and the
buyer promised to pay him for the
said horse one hundred, tho word
dollars would he, supplied. 3dly.
when the words, taken in one sense,
go to defeat the contract, while they
are susceptible of another construction
which will give effect to the design of
the parties, and not destroy it, the
latter will he preferred. Cowp. 714.

8. — 2. The plain, ordinary, and
populur sense of the words, is to be
preferred to the more unusual, etymolo-
gical, and recondite meaning ; or even
to tlie literal, and strictly grammatical
construction of the words, where these
last would lead to any ineflicacy or
inconsistency.

U. — 3. W hen a peculiar meaning
has been stamped upon the words by
the usage of that particular trade or
place in which the contract occurs,
such technical or peculiar meaning will
prevail. 4 East, U. 135. It is us if

the parties in framing their contract
had made use of a foreign language,
which the court is not hound to under-
stand, hut which, on evidence of its
import, must Ik: applied. 7 Taunt. R.
272 ; 1 Stark. R. 504. But the ex-
pression so made technical and appro-
priate, and the usage hv which it lias
become so, must lie so clear that the
court cannot entertain a doubt upon
the subject. 2 Bos. & P. 104 ; 3 Stark.
Ev. 1036; 0 T. R. 320. Technical
words are to ho taken according to
their approved and known use in the
trade in which the contract is entered
into, or to which it relates, unless they
have manifestly been understood in
another sense by the parties. Vide 10
Sorg. & R. 120.

10. — 1. The place where a contract
bus Ix^n made, is a most material
consideration in its construction. Gene-
rally its validity is to he decided by
the law of the place where it is made;
if valid there, it is considered valid
every whore. 2 Mass. It. 88 ; 1 Pet.
R. 317 ; Story, Confl. of Laws, § 242 ;

4 Cowcn’s R. 410, note ; 2 Kent, Com.
p. 30, 457, in the notes; 3 Conn. R.
253, 472; 4 Conn. It. 517. Its con-
struction is to he according to the laws
of the place where it is made; for
example, where a note was given in
China, payable eighteen months after
date, without any stipulation as to the
amount of interest, the court allowed
the Chinese interest of one per centum
per month from the expiration of the
eighteen months. 1 Wash. C. C. R.
258; see 12 Mass. R. 4, and the
article Interest for money.

11. — 5. Previous conversations and
all that passes in the course of corres-
pondence or ncgociation leading to the
contract, are entirely superceded by a
written agreement. The pnrtics having
agreed to reduce the terms of their
contract to writing, the document is
constituted ns the only true and final
exposition of their admissions and in-
tentions ; and nothing which d«x‘S not
appear in the written agreement will
he considered ns a part of the contract.

5 Co. U. 20 ; 2 B. & C. 034 ; 4 Taunt.

312

CON

CON

R.779. But this rule admits of some
exceptions ; as, where a declaration is
made before a deed is executed, show-
ing the design with which it was to be
executed, in cases of frauds, 1 S. &
R. 404; 10 S. R. 292; and trusts,
though no trust was declared in the
writing, 1 Dali. R. 426 ; 7 S. i R.
114.

12. — o. All contracts made in
general terms, in the ordinary course
of trade, arc presumed to incorporate
the usage and custom of the trade to
which they relate. The parties are
presumed to know such usages, and
not to intend to exclude them. But
when there is a special stipulation in
opposition to, or inconsistent with the
custom, that will of course prevail,
llolt's R. 95.

13. — 7. When there is an ambiguity
which impedes the execution of the
contract, it is first, if possible, to be
resolved, on a view of the whole con-
tract or instrument, aided by the admit-
ted views of the parties, and, if indis-
pensable, parol evidence may be admit-
ted to clear it, consistently with the
words. 1 Dnll. R. 420 ; 4 Dali. R.
340 ; 3 S. & R. 609.

14. — 8. When the words cannot be
reconciled with any practicable or con-
sistent interpretation, they arc to be
considered as not made use of “ perinde
sunt ac si scripta non essent.”

15. — It is the duty of the court to
give a construction to all written instru-
ments, 3 Binn. R. 337 ; 7 i$. & R. 372 ;
13 S. & It. 100 ; 4 S. vV It. 279 ; 8 S.
& R. 381 ; 1 Watts, It. 425 ; 10 Mass.
R. 384; 3 Craneh, R. 180; 3 Rand.
It. 686; to written evidence, 2 Watts,
It. 347 ; and to foreign laws, 1 Benna.
R. 388.

For general rules respecting the con-
struction of contracts, see 2 Bl. Com.
379; 2 Com. on Cont. 23 to 28; 3
Chit. Com. Law, 106 to 118; Both.
Oblig. B. 1, c. 1, art. 7 ; 2 Evans's
Both. Ob. 35 ; Long on Sales, 106 ; 1
Fonb. Eq. 145, n. b; lb. 440, n. 1;
Whart. Dig. Contract, F; 1 Bowell on
Contr. 370; Shepp. Touchst. c. 5;
Louis. Code. art. 1940 to 1957 ; Com.

Dig. Merchant, (E 2,) n. (j,) ; 8 Com*
Dig. tit. Contract, iv. ; Lilly’s Reg.
794 ; 18 Yin. Abr. 272, tit. Reference
to Words; 16 Vin. Abr. 199, tit.
Barols; Hall’s Dig. 33, 339; 1 \es.
Jun. 210, ij.; Vattcl, B. 2, c. 17;
Chit. Contr. 19 to 22 ; 4 Kent, Com.
119 ; Story’s Const. $ 397-156 ; Avl.
Band. B. 1, t. 4; Rutherf. Inst. B. 2,
c. 7, § 1-11 . 20 Bick. 150; 1 Bell’s
Com. (5th ed.) 431 ; and the articles,
Comm unin gs ; Evidence ; Inter prela •
tation ; Pa/tU f Pourparler .

As to the construction of wills, see
1 Supp. to Ves. Jr. 21, 39, 56, 63,
228, 260, 273, 275, 364, 399; 1
United States Law Journ. 583 ; 2 Fonb.
Eq. 309 ; Com. Dig. Estates by Devise,
(N 1); 6 Cruise’s Dig. 171; Whart.
Dig. Wills, D.

As to the construction of laws, see
Louis. Code, art. 13 to 21 ; Bac. Ab.
Statutes, J.

16. — The following examples of
construction, it is believed, will be
useful to the student.

A and his associates. 2 Nott & M*Cord,
400.

A P. agent. 1 Brccsc’a R. 172.

A II , (seal) agent for C. I). 1 Bluckf. R.

212.

A case. 9 Wheat, 738.

A piece of land. Moor. 702; S. C. Owen,
18.

.•I place call'd the vestry. 3 Lev. It. 96; 2
Ld. Kaym. 1471,

A slave set at liberty. 3 Conn. R. 467.

A true lull. 1 Meigs, 109.

A tuo penny bleeder. 3 Wlmrt. R, 133.
Abbreviations. 4 C. &. P. 51 ; S. C. 19
Engl. C. L. It. 268.

Abide. 6N. II. Rep. 162.

About. 2 Barn. A Adol. 106; 22 E. C. L.
It. 36 ; 5 Greonl. R. 432. See 4 Grccnl. 2b6.
About — dollars. 5 Scrg. &• Rowlc, 402.
About 8150. 9 Shop. 121.

Absolute disposal. 2 Eden, 87 ; 1 Bro. P.
C. 476; 2 Johns. It. 391 ; 12 Johns. It. 389.
Absolutely. 2 Pa. St. It. 133.

Accept. 4 Gill & Johns. 5, 129.
Acceptance. There is your hill, it is all
right. 1 Esp. 17. If vou will send it to the
counting-house again, 1 will give directions
for its being accepted. 3 Camp. 179. What,
not accepted wo have had iho money, and
they ought to have been paid ; hut I do not
interfere, you should sec my partner. 3 Bing.
It. 625; 8. C. 13 Eng. C. L. It. 78. The bill
shall be duly honoured, and placed to the

CON

CON

313

drawer's credit. 1 Atk. Cl 1. Vide Leigh’s
N. P. 4*20.

Accepted. 2 Hill, R. 582.

According to the biil delivered by the plain-
tiff' to the defendant. 3 T. K. 573.

According to their discretion. 5 Co. 100;
8 How. St. Tr. 55 n.

Account. 5Cowcn,587,503. Account closed.
8 Pick. 191. Account stated. 8 Pick. 193. Ac-
count dealings. 5 Mann. & Gr. 392, 398.

Account uml risk. 4 East, Ii. 211; Holt
on Sh. 37G.

Accounts. 2 Conn. R. 433.

Across. 1 Fairf. 391.

Across a country. 3 Mann. &. Or. 759.

Act of God. 1 ('ranch, 345; 22 E. C. L.
R. 36 ; 12 Johns. R. 14 ; 1 Add. Eccl. It. 190.
Ac/s. Platt on Gov. 334.

Actual cost. 2 Mason It. 48, 393 ; 2 Sto-
ry’s C. C. R. 422.

Actual damages. 1 Gall. R. 4*29.

Adhere. 4 Mod. 153.

Adjacent. Cooke, 128.

Adjoining. 1 Turn. R. 21.

Administer. 1 Lilt. R. 93, 100.

Ad tunc el ibidem. 1 Ld. Raym. 57G.
Advantage, priority or preference. 4 W.
C. C. R. 1 17.

Adverse jtossession. 3 Watts, 70, 77, 205,
345; 3 Purina. R. 131; 2 Rawlo’s R. 305; 17
Sere. & Rawlc, 104; 2 Pcnno. R. 183; 3
Wend. 337, 357 ; t Wend. 507 ; 7 Wend. 62 ;
8 Wend. I HI ; 9 Wend. 523 ; 15 Wend. 597 ;
4 Paige, 178; 2 Gill &. John. 173; (i Put. II.
C ! , 291; 11 Pet. R. 41; 4 Venn. 155; 11
Pick. 401.

Ad lice. As jier advice. Chit. Bills. 185.
Affecting. 9 Wheat, 855.

Aforesaid. Ld. Kuyin. 256 ; lb. 405.

After paying debts. 1 Ves. ir. 4 10 ; 3 Vch.
738 ; *2 Johns. Ch. R. 614 ; l Bro. C. C. 31 ;
2 Sell. &. Lol*. 188.

Afterwards to wit. 1 Chit. Cr. Law#, 174.
Against nil risks. 1 John. Can. 337.

Aged, impotent ai d / oar people. Preamble
to stat.13 Eli*, c. 4 ; 17 Vch. 373 in notes;
A mb. 595 ; 7 Vcs. 423 ; Scho. & Lcf. 1 1 1 ; 1
P. Wnm. 671 ; S. (’. Eq. Gas. Ab. 19*3, pi. 9 ;
•1 Vin. Ab. 185 ; 7 Vcs. 98, note; 16 Vcs. 206 ;
Duke’s (3i. Uses, by Bridgrnau, 361 ; 17 Vcs.
371 ; Boyle on Charities, 31.

Agrtid. 1 Ri die’s A b. 518.

Agreement. 7 E. (’. L. R. 331 ; 3 B. & B.
14; Fell on Guar. 262. Of a good quality
and moderate price. 1 Mo. &. Malk. 483; S.
C. 22 E.C. 1.. R. 363.

Aiding and abetting. Act of Congress of
1818, c. 86, § 3; 12 Wheat. 460.

Aliments. Dig. 31, I. I .

All. 1 Vern. 3; 3 P. Wins. 56; 1 Vern.
341 ; Dane’s Ah. Index, h. t. All debts due
tome. I Meriv. 511, n.; 3 Mcriv. 43L All
1 am worth. 1 Bro. C. C. 187 ; 8 Vcs. 604.
All I am poMCHiod of. 5 Vcs. 816. All my
clothes and linen whatsoever. 3 Bro. C. C.
311. All my household goods and furniture,

Vol. i. — 40

except my plate and watch. 2 Munf. 234.
All my estate. Cowp. 299 ; 9 Vcs. GO I. All
my real propci ty. 18 Vcs. 193. All my
freehold lands. 6 Ves. 642. All and every
other my lands, tenements and hereditaments.
8 Vcs. 256; 2 Mass. 56; 2 Carnes's R. 345;

1 Johns. R. 3»8. All the inhabitants. 2
Conn. R. 20, All sorts of. 1 Holt’s N. P. R.
69. All business. 8 Wendell, 498 ; 23 E.
C. I,. R. 398; 1 Taunt. R. 319; 7 B. &. Cr.
278, 283, 281. AH claims and demands
whatsoever. 1 Edw.Ch. R. 34. All baggage
is at the owner’s rink. 13 Wend. R. Cl 1 ; 5
Rawle’s R. 179; 1 Pick. R. 53; 3 Fairf. R.
422; 1 Har. & John. 317. All civil suits. 4
S. .fc R. 76. All demands. 2 Gaines’s R.
320, 327 ; 15 John R. 197 ; 1 Ld. Raym. 114.
All lots 1 own in the town of F. 4 Bibb, R.
288. All the buildings thereon. 1 Mass. R.
Ill); 7 John. It. 217. All my rents. Cro.
Jac. 104. All I nm worth. 1 Bro.C.C. 437.
All and every oilier my lands, tenements and
hereditaments. 8 Ves. 246; 2 Mass. 56; 2
Caines, R. 315; 4 John. Ch. 388.

AU other at tides perishable in their ou>n na-
ture. 7 Cowen, 202.

All and every. Ward on Leg. 105; Cox,
R. 213.

All minerals, or magnesia of any kind. 5
Watts, 34.

All my notes. 2 Dev. Eq. R. 488.

Alt that I possess, in doors and out of doors.
3 Hawks, R. 74.

All timbir trees and other trees, but not the
annual fruit thereof* 8 D. & It. 657 ; S.C.

5 B. &. Cr. 8 12.

All tuo lots. 7 Gill &. Johns. 227.

AH actions, li Biim. 457.

Also. 4 R&wle, R. 69; 2 Ifnyw. 161.
Amongst. 9 Vcs. 415; 9 Wheat. R. 164;

6 Munf. 352.

And, construed or. 3 Ves. 450; 7 Vcs.
454 ; 1 Supp. U> Vos. ir. 435 ; 2 Supp. to Vcs.
jr. 9,43, 11 1; 1 Ycates. 41, 319 ; l Serg.
ftuwlo, 111. Vide Disjunction, Or.

And nil the buildings thereon. 4 Mass. It.
110; 7 John. R. 217.

And also. I Hayw. 161.

And so on, from ynr to year, until the ten-
ancy hereby created shall be determined as
hei tinafter mentioned. 1 P. A. D. 451 ; and seo

2 Campb. R. 573; 3Canipb. 510; 1 T. R. 378.
And the jdaintif doth the like. 1 Breesc’s

R. 125.

Annual interest. 1G Verm. 41.

Atintiull'/, or in any way she may wish. 2
M‘Cord*« Ch. R. 281.

Any person or persons. 1 1 Wheat. It. 392 ;

3 Wheat. R. 631.

Any court of record. G Co. 19.

Any goods. 3 Campb. 321.

Any creditor. 5 II. Ac. A. 869.

Any other fund. 1 Colly. It. 693.
yiny other matter or thing from the begin-
ning of the world. 4 Mason, 227.

Apartment. 10 Pick. 293.

314

CON

CON

A {-parti. Goods and wearing apparel, in a
will, 3 Aik. 61.

Apparatus. 9 Law Rep. 207.

Appeals. 1 Drccse’s R. 261.

Appear. 2 Hailey’s R. 513.

Appellate. 1 Breesc, R. 261.

Appro/triation. 1 Scam. R. 31 1.

AppiortJ paper. -1 Scry. Sc Rawle, 1 ; 20
Wend. R. <131 ; 2 Catnpb. 532.

Appurtennnre *. 1 Scr g. Sc Rawle, 169; 8

Johns. R. 47, 2d edit. ; Com. Dig. Grant, E
9; 5 Serg. Sc Rawle, lit); Holt on Shipp.
404; 9 Tick. 293 ; 7 Mass. 6; 12 Pick.
436.

Are. 2 P. & B. 223.

Arrears. Ward on Leg. 219; 2 Vcs. 430.
Arrire. 17 Maas. 188.

Articles perishable in their own nature. 7
Cowcn, 202.

As I’pprats by the bond or by the looks. 1

Wils. 339, 279, 121 ; 2 Str. 1157, 1203, 1219.
As nj pears by the master's allocatur. 2 T.

R. 55.

As executors arc bound in law to do. 2
Ohio R. 346.

As follows. 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 233.

A» this deponent belietes. 2 M. & S. 563.
Ass. 2 Moody, C. C. 3.

Asks— Cattle. 1 R. & M.C.C. 3 ; 2 Russ.
Cr.Jk M. 498.

Assent to. 4 Gill & Johns, 5, 129.
Assignment, actual or potential. 5 M. Sc

S. 228.

Assign*. 5 Co. 77 b.

At. 2 Caincs’s Err. 158.

At and from. I Marsh. Ins. 358, 261, a ;
1 Cairns’s R.75, 79 ; 1 New Rep. 23; 1 East,
R. 130.

At any port or places. 1 Marsh. Ins. 191.
At his will. Roll’s Ah. 845 ; Hue. Ab. Es-
atc for life and occupancy, A.

At least. 8 W. Sc S. 470.

At such time and manner. 19 Vcs. 387.

At hrenty.nne. Payable at twenty-one. 6
Vcs. 245 ; 7 Vcs. 421 ; 9 Vos. 225 ; 1 Bro. C.
C. 91.

At the trial of the cause. 9 E. C. L. R.
202, 186.

At the wholesale factory prices. 2 Conn. R.
G9.

Attention , shall meet. 3 E. C. L. R. 407 ;
13 Id. 329.

Attest. 9 Mces. A. W. 404.

Authority ^Jurisdiction. 2 HI. R. 1141.
Ila-jgige. 6 Hill, N. Y.586.

Bog gage of pasta i g- r* at the tisk ef the
owners. 19 Wend 234,251 ; 21 Wend. 153;
2G Wend. 591; 10 Ohio R. 145.

Hal nice. 2J.&W.2I i.

Hula net due on genet al iccount. 3 Pet. R.
430.

Hank b I's—Hank notes. 2 Scam in. R. 301 ;
17 Verm. 151.

Hank money. 5 Humph. R. 1 10.

Hank notes. 5 Mason's R. 549 ; 6 Wend.
34 C, 351.

Bankruptcy. 6 T. R. 684.

Har-keeper. 3 S. & R. 351.
liatgain and sell. 4 Morir. R. 463.

Harley. 4 C. & P. 548.

Hat rels. 7 Cowcn, R. 681.

Heans. Dae. Ab. Merchant, Sec. (I); 1
Mood. C. C. 323.

Braring Interest. 1 Stark. R. 452; 2 E.
C. L R. 466.

Beast. 1 Russ. C. Sc M. 5G8 ; 1 Russ, on
Cr. 568 ; Buc. Ab. Sodomy.

Beef. 6 W. Sc S. 279.
llejot e the next term. 1 Binn. 76; 4 Yeatca.
511.

Before the first day of the term after the oc-
tion has been commenced. 4 Dali. 433.

Before the silting of the court. 5 Mass. R.
197.

Beginning to keep house. 6 Bing. R. 363;
19 Ves. 543.

Begotten. To be begotten. Co. Lilt. 20 b,
and n 3 ; 3 Leon. 5.

Ilelai gs — B'h-nging. 3 Conn. R. 467; 2
Bing. 76; Chit. Pr. 4?5 n.; 11 Conn. R. 240;
1 Coxe’s R. 255.

I Bel, ere. 2 Wend. 298.

■ Belong. 3 Conn. R. 467.

Benefits of my rial estate , construed 4
Yates, 23.

B, n,t '.lent purposes. 3 Mcr. 17 ; A mb.
585, n. (Blunt’s edit.)

Best of bis knowledge and it lief. 1 Paige,
404; 3 lb. 107,212.

Between. 2 Saund. 158 b. n. 6; 1 Shipl.
R. 201; 1 Mass. 91.

Between them. 2 Mer. R. 70.

Bt'.ond *' a. 3 Wheat. R. 541 ; 3 Cranch,
R. 177; 14 Pet. C. 141 ; 1 Harr. A Mellon.
89 ; 1 liar. Sc J. 350; 2 McCord, R. 331 ; 3
Mass. K. 271 ; 1 Pick. R. 2C3 ; 9 8 erg. Sc
Rawle, 288; 2 Dull 217; 1 Y cates, 329.
Vide Bn ond sea, iii the body of the work.

Beyond seas. 3 Wheat. 343; 9 S. & R.
291.

Bien. 2 Ves. 163.

B g. 2 Dev. R. 1 15.

Blubber. 1 Story, R, 603.

Board, boarding'. 2 Miles, R. 323.

Bag. Cro. Car. 511.

Boiler. Wright, 143.

Book. 2 Campb. 25, 08, n. ; 11 East, 244.
Book debt. — Book entries. 2 Miles, R. 101,
102; 3 Ircd. R. 77, 443; I Ircd. 110.

Ilona fide. ] Leigh, N P. 326.

Boons. Sugd. Pow. 633, 671.

Bound by surety. 5 Scrg. Sc Rawle, 329.
Hound triih surety, 6 Binn. 53.

Bounded on the margin. 6 Cowcn, 526.
Boar d'd on the rod. 13 Mass. 259.
Breach "f good bthnrioar. 2 Marl. N. S. 683.
Brick factory. 21 Pick. R. 25.
limi ting. 16 Jnlm. R. 14; 13 John. R.
346; 9 Bing. 305; 5 Mann. Sc Gr. 9, 33.
Business. 1 M. Sc Selw. 95.

Butcher. 1 Barn. Sc A. 617; 6 Waifs Sc
Scrg. 269, 277.

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315

By act and operation of la ip. 3 Caines’.* i
R. 64. By surety. 5 Serg. A Rawlc, 329.
liv a certain lime. Penna. R. 48. By any
other means. 2 Co. 4G. By virtue of his ol-
ficc. 3 E. C. L. R. 125.

Jiy a stream. 3 Sumo. R. 170.

By next November. 3 Pa. 48.

By the year. 2 Miles, R. 302.

Cabinet of curiosities. 1 Cox, R. 77 ; 1
Bro. C. C. 467.

Came by descent , gift, or devise. 2 Pet. 58.
Cargo. 4 Pick. 433 ; 2 Gill A John. 134,
162.

Case — suit. 2 Morph. 320.

Catching*. 1 Story, R. 603.

Cattle. 1 R. A M. C. C. 3 ; 2 Ross. C. A
M. 408 ; R. A R. C. C. 77 . 2 East, P. C.
1071; 1 Leach, C. C. 72; 2 W. Black. 721 ;

2 Moody, C. C. 3.

Cause. 1 Supp. to Ves. jr. 510. Cause of
action. Wilk. on Lim. [40].

Cease. Coop. Ch. H. 145.

Cede. 1 liar. {N. J.) 181.

Certificate of deposit. 6 Watts &. Serg.
227.

Chamber or room. 3 I<con. 210.

Chambres. 5 Watts, R. 243.

Charged m execution. 4T. R. 3G7.
Charges, costs, and expenses. 2 Wils. 2G7 ;
13 Serg. & Rawlo, 70.

Charitable uses. Boyle on Charities, 281 ;
7 Ves. 70 ; 1 Mer. 86, 92, 93; 1 Sira. & Stu.
C9; 1 MyL A Craig, 286; 1 Wheat. App.

p. 6.

Charily. 0 Ves. 300.

Chest. 2 Hale's llist. P. C. 183; Bac. Ah.
Indictment, G. 3.

Chief rsl and discreetest. 13 Ves. 13.

Child, grandchild, issue, son ; sec legatee ;

1 Ves. 200; lb. 335; Amid. 397; lb 701 ; 5
Burr. 2703; Cowp. 314 ; 3 Anstr. 684; Lofft,
10; 7 T. R. 322; l East, 120; 2 Eden, 104;

2 Bro. C. C. 33; 2 Ves. jr. 673; 3 Ves. 232;
lb. 421 ; 4 Ves. 437 ; lb. 692 ; 5 Ves. 530; 6
Ves. 43; lb. 345; 7 Ves. 522; 10 Ves. 166;
lb. 176; lb. 105; 13 Ves. 340; 1 Cox, 2 IS;
lb. 327 ; 2 Cox, 184; 1 Ves. A. Boa. 422,
462, 469 ; 2 Ves. A Boa. 213 ; 3 Ves. A B •«.
50, 67, 60, 113; 1 Moriv. 654 ; 2 Moriv. 382;
I)iok. 314; 1 Eden, 64; 1 Bro. C. C. 530; 2
Bio. C. C. 68, 230, 658 ; 3 Bro. C. C. 1 18,
347, 352, 434 ; 1 Bro. C. C. 55; 10 Vos. 125 ;
1 Ball A B. 486 ; Com. Dig. App., Devise of
Real property, x. 5, 6, 7. 8, 0 ; lb. Devise of
personal property, viii. 13.

Child's part. 2 Roll. R. 104 ; Poph. 148:
1 Roll. R. 103; Cro. Jac. 417.

Chiiil re a. 3 Paige, 10; 5 Vos. 530; 1
Ves. A Boa. 434 ; 1 Eng. Ch. R. 565 ; 5 Conn.
R. 228. To such child or children, if more
than one, as A may happen to be cncicntc by
me. 17 Ves. 528. To the children which
1 may have by A, living at ray decease. 1
Ves. A Bca. 422.

Chromate of iron. 5 Watts, 34.

Civil action. 6 Binn. 5; 1 Binn. 107.

Civil suit. 4 S. A R. 76.

Chuck-uduck. 3 J. J. Marsh. 133.

Claim. 16 Pet. 538, 575, 576, 604, 615.
Clear. Amid. 273 ; 2 Ves. 500. Ward on
Leg. 222 ; 2 Aik. 376.

Clear of all charges and assessments what-
ever. 4 Yontes, 386.

Clear deed. 3 W. A S. 563, 565.

Closing an account. 7 Serg. A Rawlc,
128; 8 Pick. 187.

Clothes. All my clothes and linon whatso-
ever. 3 Bro. C. C. 31 1 .

Coal mine. Cro. Jac. 150 ; Noy, 121 ;
Gilh. Ej. Gl, 2nd cd. ; Rose. R. Act 486.
Coasting trade. 3 Cowon, R- "13.

Coffer. 2 Hale’s Hist. P. C. 183; Bac. Ab.
Indictment, G 3.

Cohabitation. 1 Add. R. 47G ; 3 Add. R.
277 ; 2 Tyrw. 76; 2 Cr. A J. 66 ; Roger’s
Eccl. Law, tit. Marriage.

Collateral. Sugd. Pow. 76.

Collectable. 8 Wutts, R. 361.

Come to. 1 Serg. A Rawlc, 224 ; 2 Pet. R.
60, 91.

Commenced. 1 4 East, 530.

Commerce — Navigation. 0 Wheat. 1.
Commission and guaranty. 3 Whart. 288.
Commit. 3 Man. Gr. A Scott, 465, 477.
Commit suicide. Id. 477.

Commodities. 12 Mass. 256.

Common lam. 3 Pet. 447 ; 1 Gall, R. 19.
('ompl tc Steam engine. 2 Hail, 328.
Conceulcd. 12 Wheat. 493 ; 12 Wheat. R.
486.

Conclusive. 5 Binn. 387 ; 6 Binn. 128 ; 4
Yeates, 551.

Conditions performed. 1 Call. 567.
Corfidrncc. Boyle on Char. 310 ; 2 Pa.
St. R. 133.

Consent — Sulimisssion. 9 C. A P. 722.
Consentable lints. 10 Serg. A Rawle, 11 1.
Construction. 3 Monr. 166.

Containing. 1 Murph. 318.

Contents unknoipn. 3 Taunt. R. 303.
Contrary to laur. 1 Blackf. R. 318.
Convenient speed, or as soon us convenient.
19 Ves. 336, 390, notes. 1 Vos. jr. 36G.
Convey. 3 A. K. Marsh, 618.

Conveyance. 2 Serg. A Rawlc, 498. 3

Mass. 487.

Convicted. 1 Wheat. 461 ; 15 Eust, R.
570; 7 Mann. A Gr. 481,508.

Copper fastem d. 24 E. C. L. R. 415.
Coppered ship. 8 Pet. 557.

Corrupt. 1 Bcnth. Ev. 351.

Correcting — revising. 2 Shcpl.205.

Cost. 2 Wash. C. C. R. 408.

Costs. Wright, 121; Pay hi.i own costs. 1
Hayw. 485.

Cotton in bales. 2 C. A P. 525.

County aforesaid. 2 Bl. R.847.

Court of record. 5 Ohio R. 546. Vide 3
Wend. ; t .

Cousins. 2 Bro. R. 125; W ard on leg
121. , #
Covenants. Provided always, and it i

316

CON

CON

agreed that the lessor shall find great timber,
Bac. Ab. Covenant, A. I oblige myself to pay
so much money. Hard. 178. I am content
to give A ten |H»und.H ut Michaelmas, and ten
pounds at Lady-day. 3 Leon. 119. With
usual covenants. 15 Vc*. 528 ; 3 Anslr. 700.

Covenant s performed absque hoc. 6 Penn.
St. Rep. 398.

Credible. Com. It. 91 ; S. C. 1 Freem. .710.
Credible witness. .7 Muss. 219; 12 Mass.
358; 17 Pick. 131 ; 2 Bailey, K. 24; 8 Conn.
254.

Credit. Mutual credit. 1 Atk. 228. 7 T.

R. 378. Monlag. on Set.ofT, 48. 8 Taunt. 22.

S. C. 4 Eng. Com. Law Hep. 4; 1 Marsh. K.
190, S. C. 4 Eng. C. L. 335.

Creditors and subsequent purchasers. 5
Crnnch, 165.

Criminal proceeding. 2 Q. B. 1.

Cross. 5 Pick. 103.

Cruise of three months. 2 Gallis. 526.
Cultivation. 2 N. H. Hep. 5G.

Curby hock. Oliph.nn Horses, 40.
Currency. 1 Ohio R. 1 19.

Current money. 1 Dull, 126, 176.

Current rate of exchange to be added. 2
Miles, R. 442, 443.

Cui rent ia trial money. 1 Dali. 175.
Current bank notes. 1 Hamm. R. 178.
Sec also 1 Hamm. R. 531 ; 1 Breese, R. 152 ;
3 Lilt. K. 245; 19 John. R. 146; 1 Dull. 126,