Can I be approved for social security disability even though I just retired full time work and now only work one day a week?

Yes you can apply. start the process as soon as possible. You will have to go to office in person because you cannot file electronically since you are on early retirement.

When you draw early retirement you get less per month than you would get at full retirement age. If you are found disabled you will get the difference between the early retirement amount and the full retirement amount because that is the same as your disability amount. If you think you are disabled you should file with the social security office right away. The difference in my experience is $200 to $400 per month for the rest of your life.

As has been mentioned, you can apply for disability and if you are on early retirement or plan to file for those benefits it would be beneficial if you are also found disabled by Social Security. Since you are working, it should be mentioned that you won't be found disabled if you are engaging in substantial gainful activity - which is basically making $1070 a month or more for people that aren't self employed.

You may only have one shot at this apple of SSDIB, so consider using a specialized SSDIB attorney, to reduce the risk of a less than ideal case work up - particularly if you are not well-studied on the SSDIB laws.