About Criminal Defense
Criminal defense is the area of law concerned with representing individuals (and sometimes organizations) accused of a crime by a government prosecutor. The US criminal system separates offenses into infractions (e.g. minor traffic violations), misdemeanors (punishable by up to one year in county jail), and felonies (punishable by more than one year in state or federal prison).
Every criminal defendant has constitutional rights including: the right to remain silent (Fifth Amendment), the right to counsel (Sixth Amendment — including a court-appointed attorney if you cannot afford one, per Gideon v. Wainwright), the right to confront witnesses, the right to a jury trial, and protection against unreasonable searches and seizures (Fourth Amendment).
A typical criminal case moves through these stages:
- Arrest and booking
- Arraignment — you're informed of charges and enter a plea
- Bail or release decision
- Discovery and motion practice — the defense reviews evidence and may move to suppress unlawfully obtained evidence
- Plea negotiation — over 90% of US criminal cases are resolved by plea bargain
- Trial — bench (judge-only) or jury
- Sentencing
- Appeal, if convicted
The burden of proof at trial is beyond a reasonable doubt, the highest standard in US law. The prosecution must prove every element of every charge to that standard; the defense never has to prove innocence.
Felony convictions usually carry collateral consequences well beyond the sentence itself: loss of voting rights (varies by state), loss of firearm rights, exclusion from many professional licenses, immigration consequences (deportation for non-citizens), and a permanent public record that affects employment and housing.
Many criminal cases can be resolved through diversion programs, deferred adjudication, pretrial probation, or post-conviction expungement, all of which require careful timing. Acting quickly — before charging decisions are made — often produces the best outcomes, which is why most criminal defense attorneys offer same-day consultations.
Reviewed by AttorneyQnA Editorial Team · Last updated
Relevant law
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US Const. Amend. V RuleFifth Amendment right against self-incriminationNo person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against themselves. The basis for the right to remain silent and the requirement of Miranda warnings.
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US Const. Amend. VI RuleSixth Amendment right to counselThe accused has the right to assistance of counsel for their defense. Applied to indigent defendants in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).
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Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Case lawRequired warnings before custodial interrogationEstablishes that police must inform suspects of their rights to silence and counsel before custodial interrogation. Statements obtained in violation are inadmissible.
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Brady v. Maryland (1963) Case lawProsecution must disclose exculpatory evidenceProsecutors must turn over evidence favorable to the defense. Failure to do so violates due process and can result in reversal of conviction.
Common questions about Criminal Defense
Should I talk to the police if they want to question me?
What's the difference between a misdemeanor and a felony?
How do I know if my Miranda rights were violated?
Can I get my criminal record expunged?
Should I take a plea deal?
How long does a criminal case take?
Do I need a private attorney or can I use a public defender?
3 Attorney Answers
Sincerely,
B. Elaine Jones, Esq.